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The phenomenon of external debt has been a central topic in discussions about economic development, social welfare, and global financial stability, particularly concerning the Global South. This vast region, comprising countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Oceania, has grappled with the complexities and consequences of relying on external borrowing from international creditors, private investors, and multilateral institutions.Origins and Evolution of External DebtExternal debt typically arises when governments or corporations in developing economies borrow from abroad to finance development projects, budget deficits, or to stabilize volatile economies. The origins of large-scale external indebtedness trace back to the post-colonial era when…

El entorno geopolítico del siglo XXI está experimentando una transformación acelerada, impulsada principalmente por el cambio de poder del Oeste al Este. Grandes cambios globales destacan economías emergentes, avances tecnológicos y alianzas estratégicas que desafían el orden tradicional dominado por los Estados Unidos y Europa Occidental. India, la democracia más grande del mundo y el país más poblado desde 2023, se encuentra en el centro de esta transformación. Comprender el papel cambiante de India en la nueva geopolítica mundial requiere evaluar sus estrategias diplomáticas, crecimiento económico, postura de defensa y proyección de poder blando.Diplomatic Relations and Independent StrategyOne of the…

The decision to deploy federal agents to Portland has sparked renewed national discussions about immigration control, community security, and the involvement of federal power in local areas.The decision to deploy troops to Portland represents a new chapter in the ongoing tension between the federal government and certain local administrations. The move was framed as a necessary step to ensure the protection of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facilities, which have increasingly been the focus of demonstrations and criticism. By emphasizing security and order, the administration seeks to justify a federal presence in a city where officials and many residents have…

Global tensions have escalated over the past few years, as major global powers engage in geopolitical struggles, economic instability, shifting alliances, and technological rivalries that are transforming the international landscape. The United States, China, Russia, and the European Union are extending their influence through diverse tactics, ranging from financial restrictions to military actions. Challenges and opportunities are presented by issues such as the conflict in Ukraine, the trade competition between the US and China, the climate change crisis, and evolving energy markets for Latin America. Regional governments, businesses, and civil societies are adjusting by modifying foreign policies, exploring economic diversification,…

Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have established an agreement for mutual defense, marking a strategic shift in regional security as Gulf nations reevaluate their dependence on American protection. This alliance highlights the evolving dynamics in the Middle East and South Asia, with consequences for military collaboration, diplomacy, and geopolitical stability.The agreement between the two nations arrives amid a backdrop of heightened regional tensions and evolving global alliances. Saudi Arabia, a key player in Gulf politics, has traditionally relied on the United States for security guarantees, particularly in the context of threats from Iran and other regional actors. However, recent uncertainties regarding…